How to get high quality pipe fittings?

How to get high quality pipe fittings?

What is a pipe fitting?

A pipe fitting is used in Piping system to join multiple pipes of same size or different sizes, to regulate the flow or to measure the flow. Such as couplings, unions, nipples, tees, and elbows for connecting lengths of pipes. 

Pipe fitting or pipefitting is the occupation of installing or repairing piping or tubing systems that convey liquid, gas, and occasionally solid materials. This work involves selecting and preparing pipe or tubing, joining it together by various means, and the location and repair of leaks.

Types of pipe fittings	What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings
Standards of Pipe Fittings	Applications and markets of pipe fittings
Production process of carbon steel pipe fittings	Testing for pipe fittings
How are pipe fittings measured

Pipe fitting work is done in many different settings: HVAC, manufacturing, hydraulics, refineries, nuclear-powered supercarriers and fast-attack submarines, computer chip fabrication plants, power plant construction, and other steam systems. Pipe fitters (sometimes called simply “fitters”) are represented in the USA and Canada by the United Association of Journeymen and Apprentices of the Plumbing and Pipe Fitting Industry of the United States and Canada.
Pipefitters work with a variety of pipe and tubing materials including several types of steel, copper, iron, aluminium, and plastic. Pipe fitting is not plumbing; the two are related but separate trades. Pipe fitters who specialize in fire prevention are called Sprinklerfitters, another related, but separate trade.

Materials, techniques, and usages vary from country to country as different nations have different standards to install pipe.

Pipe fittings connect to pipes in one of two ways: by threads or by slip fit. Metal pipes are threaded, while plastic pipe can be threaded or slip fit. As the names indicate, threaded pipes screw together to connect, while slip fit pipes use sleeves that slip into one another. They are organized by male and female connectors as follows:

Male threaded: Threads are exterior, made to screw into the inside of a larger diameter pipe end with internal threading.
Female threaded: Threads are interior, made to receive male threaded fittings.
Male slip fit: No threads, made to slip into a slightly larger female sleeve.
Female slip fit: No threads, made to receive a narrower male slip fit.
The ends of pipe fittings are slightly larger than the rest of the pipe to accommodate connections without narrowing the inner diameter (ID) of the pipe. This keeps flow consistent. They are identified by pipe material, inner and outer diameter of the pipe, and the type of fitting — threaded or slip, male or female.
When purchasing pipe fittings, be sure to note that a fitting can have two different connector types. One end of the fitting might be male threaded, the other female threaded. In the case of plastic fittings, one end might be male slip while the other end is threaded. Fittings might also have matching ends — a variance to accommodate any requirement.

Types of pipe fittings

There are different parameters to be considered before purchasing and that is the size of the pipe fittings in diameter, thickness of the wall to be according to the pressure in the pipes, materials, shape and many others.

Pipe elbows Steel elbow is used to be installed between two lengths of pipe or tube allowing a change of direction,usually these carbon steel elbows distinguished by connection ends. Long Radius (LR) Elbow is also called LR elbow – means the radius is 1.5 times the pipe diameter L/R 45°Elbow: Long radius 45 degree elbow changes the direction by 45 degrees. L/R 90°Elbow: Long radius 90 degree elbow changes the direction by 90 degrees. L/R 180°Elbow: Long Radius 180 degree return bend allows complete reversal of flow. Short Radius (SR) Elbow is also called SR elbow, – means the radius is 1.0 times the pipe diameter Short radiu 45°Elbow: Short radius 45° elbow changes the direction by 45 degrees. Short radius 90°Elbow: Short Radius 90° elbow is same as LR90 except for the measurement between end of elbow to center line is 1 x NPS. Short radius 180° Elbow: Short Radius 180° return bend allows complete reversal of flow

Contents Pipe bend Pipe Tees Common types of pipe tee Materials ASME B16.9 Butt weld Equal Tee Dimensions Pipe cross Types of pipe cross, corss fittings Features of Pipe cross: Pipe cross & Crosses size Materials Buying Tips of pipe cross: Applications of pipe cross: End caps Size range: Material: Surface treatment: Common Shapes: Advantages Pipe reducer Concentric reducer Eccentric reducer Stub end Stainless stub end Carbon steel Stub end Lap joint stub end Manufacturing standards of stub end: Specifications: Technical Specifications: Usage: Pipe Coupling Standards of Pipe Fittings Types of pipe fitting standards: ASTM International: AWWA ANSI:  MSS STANDARDS  Difference between “Standard” and “Codes”: Factors affecting standards: BSP:  JIS:  NPT: AN: ISO: A standard hose guide is given below: Production process of carbon steel pipe fittings Welding Bevel acc.to ASME / ANSI B16.9 and ASME / ANSI B16.28 How are pipe fittings measured? Schedule Numbers What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings? Why are fittings sometimes thicker and heavier than pipes to which they are connected? Applications and markets of pipe fittings Testing for pipe fittings Pipe bend Pipe bend can be made of variety materials,like carbon steel,alloy steel,stainless steel,low temperature steel or high performance steel,etc. It advantage is can matach long distance transition requirements,so it is commonly that bends dimension according to customer design. usually,the bends consist of 3D,5D,7D even 12D series.

Pipe Tees We can provide seamless tube tees and welding tube tees, which can also be divided into straight tees and reducing tees.Usually, the pipe tees have the same inlet and oulet sizes. Reducing tee is a type of pipe fitting in which the branch port size is smaller than the ports of the run. Common types of pipe tee A pipe tee is a type of fitting that has a T shape and is used to join two or more plumbing pipes. Equre tee (or straight tee), means the branch diameter of this tee is same with the main pipe (Run pipe) diameter of this tee. Reducing tee is a type of pipe fitting in which the branch port size is smaller than the ports of the run. Barred tee is used in pipelines that are pigged. Lateral tee has a 45 degree branch from a pipeline. Pipe cross is a fitting that used in the place where four pipes meet with the same diameter include: Reducing cross used for connecting four pipes, the main pipes with the same size, but the dimensions of the branch diameter is smaller than the main pipes. Equal cross in the place where four pipes meet with the same diameter. Forged Tee Fittings are pipe fittings that be formed mainly by forging. Materials Carbon steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB-WPC Alloy steel: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP 911  Stainless steel: ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N  ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti  ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H Low temperature steel: ASTM/ASME A402 WPL 3-WPL 6  High performance steel: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70 Size range: 1/2 to 72 inches Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160 Equre tee (or straight tee), means the branch diameter of this tee is same with the main pipe (Run pipe) diameter of this tee. ASME B16.9 Butt weld Equal Tee Dimensions Nominal Pipe Size Outside diameter at bevel Center-to-End Run (C) Outlet(M) 1/2″ 21.3 25 25 3/4″ 26.7 29 29 1″ 33.4 38 38 1 1/4″ 42.2 48 48 1 1/2″ 48.3 57 57 2″ 60.3 64 64 2 1/2″ 73.0 76 76 3″ 88.9 86 86 3 1/2″ 101.6 95 95 4″ 114.3 105 105 5″ 141.3 124 124 6″ 168.3 143 143 8″ 219.1 178 178 10″ 273.0 216 216 12″ 323.8 254 254 14″ 355.6 279 279 16″ 406.4 305 305 18″ 457.0 343 343 20″ 508.0 381 381 22″ 559.0 419 419 24″ 610.0 432 432 The dimensions are in millimeters Source : ASME B16.9 – 2007

Pipe cross A pipe cross is a kind of pipe fitting. It is used in the place where four pipes meet together. The pipe cross may have one inlet and three outlets, or there inlets and one outlet. The diameter of the outlet and inlet can be the same and can also be different. That is to say, straight cross and reducing cross are both availabe. Types of pipe cross, corss fittings A cross fitting allows four direction transition in pipeline fields. Let us know more about pipe crosss under the following heads: Reducing cross The reducing cross also is called unequal pipe cross , it is the pipe cross which the four branch ends are not in the same diameters. Equal cross The equal cross is one kind of the pipe cross, just like a equal tee, the equal cross means all the 4 ends of the cross are in same diameter. Saddle previously Saddle previously is the ventilation ducts ‘crotch tee’, its shaped like pants, there Equal and unequal diameter, the formal name is “tube tapered pants tee.” There is no standard size, to be based on three tube spacing center line of the front and graphic design draw graphics, Lofting produced, lofting a certain degree of difficulty.Sheet metal is engaging, steel welding. Features of Pipe cross: There are three female openings in a T shaped pipe cross. There are straight pipe crosss which have the same size openings. Reducing pipe crosss have one opening of different size and two openings of the same size. There are sanitary pipe crosss which are used in waste lines. These kind of pipe crosss have a curved branch which is designed for a clean out plug. They are used to prevent obstruction of waste. A cross pipe cross has four equal sized female openings. A wing pipe cross has lugs to fasten the fitting to a wall or stud. A compression pipe cross uses compression fittings on two or more ends. A test pipe cross has a threaded opening. This opening is used in conjunction with a threaded plug for a clean-out opening on a drain pipe. Pipe cross & Crosses size Pipe cross, LT, Lateral cross , RT, Reducing cross, cross fittings accord to ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN Standards, Measures 1/2 to 56 Inches. Size range: 1/2 to 20 inches Types: Straight cross, Reducing cross, Y-type Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160 Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28, MSS SP-43/SP-75 The fitting not only played a role in conection the cossing pipeline but also can control the volume by designed with different dimension of cross ends,sometimes we also adopt rib to reinforce the mechanical property when face hard woeking conditions. Pattern Weld Seamless Nominal size 1/2”-48” (DN15-DN1200) 1/2”-20” (DN15-DN500) Wall thickness 2~100mm 2~50mm Bend radius SCH5S-SCH160 ,XXS SCH5-SCH160 Type cross/reducing cross cross/reducing cross Materials Carbon scrossl: ASTM/ASME A234 WPB-WPC Alloy scrossl: ASTM/ASME A234 WP 1-WP 12-WP 11-WP 22-WP 5-WP 91-WP 911 Stainless scrossl: ASTM/ASME A403 WP 304-304L-304H-304LN-304N ASTM/ASME A403 WP 316-316L-316H-316LN-316N-316Ti ASTM/ASME A403 WP 321-321H ASTM/ASME A403 WP 347-347H Low temperature scrossl: ASTM/ASME A402 WPL 3-WPL 6 High performance scrossl: ASTM/ASME A860 WPHY 42-46-52-60-65-70 Buying Tips of pipe cross: What should buyers consider for bulk purchase of pipe cross? Type of pipe cross—whether welded or seamless Standard Size and dimension Wall thickness Material of construction Durability and Economical High pressure and temperature resistance Corrosion resistance etc. Applications of pipe cross: Pipe crosss are widely used in various commercial and industrial applications. Industrial applications include: Chemical processing Petroleum Pulp/paper Refining Textile Waste treatment, Marine Utilities/power generation Industrial equipment Automotive Gas compression and distribution industries Pipe crosss are also recommended for industrial plant fluid power systems.

End caps End Cap, Carbon Steel cap, Stainless Steel Caps, ANSI, ISO, JIS and DIN Standards, Measures 1/2 to 56 Inches. Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and alloy steel cap etc. Pipe Cap are used for connecting pipes of different diameters and find wide applications in various chemicals, construction industries, paper, cement & ship builders. Size range: Pipe caps are widely well-known for the utmost output and outstanding results that it gives.   Out diameter: 1/2″-60″ DN15-DN1500  Wall Thickness: sch10-80s Pressure: SCH5 to SCH160v Max. wall thickness: 200mm Material: Pipe Cap manufactured using superior grade raw materials. Carbon steel end caps Stainless steel end caps ASTM/ASME A234 WPB ANSI B16.9 / 16.28 Pipe caps according to DIN 2617 DIN 28011 End caps 18″ API 5L X46 – DIN28011 End caps 22″ API 5L X46 – DIN28011 End caps 48″ API 5L X46 – DIN28011 Torispherical head according to DIN 28011 Surface treatment: Transparent oil, rust-proof black oil or hot galvanized. Special design available All the production process are made according to ISO9001:2000 strictly. Based on different materials, pipe caps include carbon steel cap, stainless steel cap, and alloy steel cap etc. Depending on their construction, pipe caps contain threaded cap, tapered cap and anti-roll cap etc. Common Shapes: Pipe caps can be in various shapes. Vessel heads: DISHED PLATES, HEADS, TORISPHERICAL HEADS, CAPS Large size end caps Socket Pipe cap Advantages Reasonable price with excellent quality Abundant stock and prompt delivery Rich supply and export experience, sincere service Reliable forwarder, 2-hour away from port. Bending, squeezing, pressing, forging, machining and more

Pipe reducer Pipe reducer are tube fittings that are widely used in a number of industries in order to providing greatest connection flexibility in connecting fractional tubes in various installations. A reducer is the component in a pipeline that reduces the pipe size from a larger to a smaller bore (inner diameter). The length of the reduction is usually equal to the average of the larger and smaller pipe diameters. There are two main types of reducer: concentric and eccentric reducers.  A reducer can be used either as nozzle or as diffuser depending on the mach number of the flow. Concentric reducer Concentric reducer is a kind of fitting that be used for reducing piping size. Eccentric reducer Butt weld Eccentric Reducers are used for connecting pipes of different diameters and find wide applications in various chemicals, construction industries, paper, cement & ship builders.

Stub end Stub Ends are fittings used in place of welded flanges where rotating back up flanges are desired. They are also called Lap Joints and Vanstone Flared Laps. A rotating back up flange seats itself against the back surface of the Stub End. The Stub End is available with us in different specifications, which find applications in a piping system to allow quick disconnection of the particular section involved. Stub End is the fitting that be used in place of welded flanges where rotating back up flanges are desired.  They are also called Lap Joints and Vanstone Flared Laps. Stainless stub end Stainless Steel Stub End such as Stainless Steel Stub Ends ASTM A403, Stainless Steel Stub End 304L, Stainless Steel Stub End 316L, Stainless Steel Stub End 317 Carbon steel Stub end Our high quality stub ends (Butt weld fittings ) are tested and verified for durability, accuracy and precision. Lap joint stub end The Lap joint stub end is the fittings that are used in place of welded flanges when the support of rotating back up flanges is required. Manufacturing standards of stub end: ASTM ASME A/SA 403 MSS SP43 & SP75 ANSI B16. 9 ANSI B16. 28 ASTM A815 ASTM B363 B366 DIN2605 DIN2615 DIN2616 DIN2617 GB12459GB13401 JIS2313 Specifications: Grades: ASME / ASTM SA / A234 Material: Stainless Steel,316/316L Stainless Steel, 304/304L Stainless Steel and Chrome-moly Carbon steel Technical Specifications: Thicknesses are based on ASME B16.48 specifications or the products can be manufactured to customer specifications. Standard surface finish is 125-250 RMS serrated finish. Other finishes available upon request. c/w a standard shop primer on carbon steel products for rust inhibitor purposes. Size: Available in all sizes and thickness Usage: Petroleum, Chemical, Power, Gas, Metallurgy, Ship-building, Construction, ect. Using stub ends allows sections of the line to be opened for cleaning, inspection, or quick replacement etc, without the need to re-weld. Specifications: Grades: ASME / ASTM SA / A234 Material: Stainless Steel Size: Available in all sizes and thickness

Pipe Coupling Pipe Coupling is used for fluid conduits in which each end portion of two tubes to be connected is provided with a swaged-on adapter carrying the necessary means to connect or disconnect the tubes without disturbing the swaged-on adapter. Our range of coupling fittings are available in aluminium, steel and bronze. Pipe couplings are highly demanded in the pipe fitting market. Pipe couplings are fittings that help to extend or terminate pipe runs. These fittings are also used to change pipe size. Couplings extend a run by joining two lengths of pipe. They are known as reduced coupling if they are used to connect pipes of different sizes. Couplings are also known as repair couplings. These couplings are without stops or ridges and they can be fixed anywhere along the pipe length for preventing leak of any kind.  Material: ASTM A105, F304, F316, F304L, F316L, A182, F11, F22, and F91  Pressure: 2000LBS, 3000LBS, 6000LBS, 9000LBS  Size: from 1/4 to 4 inches  Standard: ANSI B16.9/B16.28 and MSS SP-43/SP-75  Connection ends: butt welded, threaded  Thread types: NU, EU, STC, LTC and BTC Surface treatment:Shot blasted, rust-proof black oil

Standards of Pipe Fittings

Some of the standards that apply to buttwelded fittings are listed below. Many organizations such as ASME, ASTM, ISO, MSS, etc. have very well developed standards and specifications for buttwelded fittings. It is always up to the designer to ensure that they are following the applicable standard and company specification, if available, during the design process.

Types of pipe fitting standards:

Some widely used pipe fitting standards are as follows:

A standard hose guide is given below:

Hose Size In	Nominal ID Inch Dash Size	Standard Dash Size
1/4	3/16	-04
3/8	5/16	-06
1/2	13/32	-08
3/4	5/8	-12
1	7/8	-16
1 ½	–	–
1 ¼	1 1/8	-20

Flanges: Ratings in Classes and Pressure Numbers (PN)

Flange Class	150	300	600	900	1500	2500
Flange Pressure Number, PN	20	50	100	150	250	420

Production process of carbon steel pipe fittings

① Blanking
The pipe materials is used primarily for pipe, process, and bars, the shape of the blank to select the cutting method based on the material properties and product. Blank shape, size and other requirements according to different process requirements.

② Forming (welding)
For all pipe manufacturing process, the steel pipe cross-section is an indispensable process. Due to the forming process of the different products is different, you need a longer length.

③ Heat treatment
The heat treatment process is an important part of the pipe manufacturing. Heat treatment step of heating, insulation and cooling, eliminating the forming process of hardening, residual stress and deformation defects of metal pipe after forming the metal structure, performance of a steel pipe network, restored to the state or its performance in the deformation processing will be improved.

④ Surface treatment
Pipe surface treatment is usually by sandblasting, shot blasting, grinding, pickling method to remove the product surface rust, scratches and other products to achieve a smooth surface to meet the follow-up processing, and inspection requirements.

⑤ Cutting
Cutting pipe, soldering end, structural size, geometric tolerance machining processes. Also includes some pipe cutting, the diameter of processing. The cutting machine is mainly via a dedicated machine or universal; oversized pipe, when the existing machine capacity can not meet the processing requirements, you can also use other methods to complete processing, such as large diameter elbow with gas cutting, grinding method.

⑥ Non-destructive testing
Non-destructive testing is an important process of the possible defects of the test materials and fittings processing. The majority of pipe product standards for the requirements of the non-destructive testing requirements, but requirements are not consistent. In addition to meeting the product standards and ordering requirements, nondestructive testing, more stringent on quality control factory to develop non-destructive testing requirements according to the materials, processes, and internal quality control requirements in order to ensure the quality of manufactured products.

End Beveling of pipe fittings In the behavior, we make beveling after shot blasting, bevel ends are fully machined by advanced equipment Double Beveling Machine ensure the height, length, thickness, O.D. and I.D. are all qualified.

Welding Bevel acc.to ASME / ANSI B16.9 and ASME / ANSI B16.28

Our in-hourse R&D team developed bevel ends equipment are good using in thickness 2mm to 20mm pipe fittings, guarantee high efficiency and high quality.

Send us your technical drawings: yaang.com will supply you with whatever flanges you are looking for. 

END CONNECTIONS
There are four different type of connections that are used for fittings:

1. Butt Weld Fittings – Probably the most common type of fitting. They are easily manufactured and are easily installed. Butt weld fittings can be connected directly to each other. This is called fitting make up.
2. Flanged Fittings – Flanged fittings are piping components where the flange is an integral component of the fitting. These are most often used in water treatment applications or lined piping where welding would be destructive to the liner.
3. Socket Weld Fittings – These fittings have a socket weld connection on each end. They might be used for smaller diameter piping. These fittings utilize a single fillet weld to join the piping with the fitting.
4. Threaded Fittings – Threaded fittings are generally four inches and smaller. The reason for this size constraint is the pipe end needs to be threaded with a male type connection and die sizes are unobtainable in the larger diameters.

How are pipe fittings measured?

Pipe fittings are measured by their diameter, wall thickness (known as “schedule”), and shape or configuration. (Fittings are also defined by their material grade and whether they are welded or seamless.)
Diameter refers to outside diameter of a pipe or fitting.
The North American standard is known as Nominal Pipe Size (NPS). The International Standard is known as Diameter Nominal (DN). Pipes and fittings are actually made in similar sizes around the world: they are just labeled differently.
From ½ in to 12 inch “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are slightly larger than indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.
From 14 in and larger “Nominal Pipe Size”, outside diameters are exactly as indicated size; inside diameters get smaller as schedules grow.
As with other North American standards (inch, foot, yard, mile, …), many pipe standards (diameters up to 12 inch and wall thickness) are based on historical precedents (a toolmaker’s dies during US Civil War) rather than a “scientific” method.

Schedule Numbers

The schedule numbers are used by the ANSI (American National Standards Institute) to denote wall thickness. The schedule numbers encompass all pipe dimensions beginning at NPS 1/8” up NPS 36”. Note that this configuration is only for fittings that match with a particular ANSI schedule number.

Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures.

• Schedule, often shortened as sch, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting. Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.
• Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. (S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
• Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

What does “schedule” mean for pipe fittings?

Schedule, often shortened as SCH, is a North American standard that refers to wall thickness of a pipe or pipe fitting.
What is schedule 40, SCH80?
Higher schedules mean thicker walls that can resist higher pressures.
Pipe standards define these wall thicknesses: SCH 5, 5S, 10, 10S, 20, 30, 40, 40S, 60, 80, 80S, 100, 120, 140, 160, STD, XS and XXS. 
(S following a number is for stainless steel. Sizes without an S are for carbon steel.)
Higher schedules are heavier, require more material and are therefore more costly to make and install.

Why are fittings sometimes thicker and heavier than pipes to which they are connected?

Fittings are sometimes thicker than their connecting pipes to meet performance requirements or due to manufacturing reasons.
Due to fitting geometry, stress is very different when compared to a pipe. Using extra material is often necessary to compensate for such additional stress, especially for tees and tight curve elbows.
Fitting manufacturers may not always stock plates or pipes for all metal grades or sizes. When responding to an order, manufacturers always use the right metal or alloy, but sometimes made with next-higher available plate or pipe size while still respecting specified inside diameters.

Applications and markets of pipe fittings

Fittings are used wherever liquids, gases, chemicals and other fluids are created, processed, transported, or used.

Range of industries is very wide, as shown below:

• Energy related. 
  Oil and gas industries, including upstream (exploration and production), midstream (transportation by ships, pipeline, rail, trucks; storage and wholesale) and downstream (refining into fuels or chemicals; marketing and distribution). Power plants using fossil or nuclear fuels. Geothermal energy for harnessing heat from the earth.
• Food and beverage production. 
  From basic ingredients to elaborate desserts. From milk, to juices and other beverages. Cold chain to keep produce fresh, drinks and frozen foods at a set temperature. Desalination plants to transform seawater into drinking water for arid areas and various tropical islands.
• Pharmaceuticals and biotech production. 
  Medicines and vaccines that treat illnesses and help restore bodies and minds to their top conditions.
• Semiconductor manufacturing: 
  Microchips that go into all electronics, including smartphones, tablets, computers, television sets, telecom networks …
• Pulp and paper production. 
  Newsprint, glossy paper, cardboard boxes, books, writing paper
• Production of construction materials and plastics. From roofing materials, to glassmaking for windows, to copper wiring for transporting electricity, and various plastics throughout houses and office buildings.

Testing for pipe fittings

The most common non distructive tests (NDT) for pipe fittings:

• Positive material identification (PMI): identification of the chemical composition of the metal used to manufacture the fitting. Uses PMI sensors, including X-ray fluorescence or optical emission spectrometry. This test is frequently executed for high value materials, from duplex steel onwards.
• Penetrating liquids: this is a low-cost test to detect cracks or abnormal porosity on the surface of the fittings, and is executed by applying a special liquid to its surface.
• Ferrite content: this test aims to measure the ferrite content for duplex, super duplex and stainless steel materials to make sure the metal is able to achieve the yield strength, fracture toughness and corrosion resistance it is meant to reach. Ferrite content is measured in weld seams by magnetic induction.
• Hydrostatic test / hydro testing (pressure testing): the fitting gets filled with a test liquid (example water) and a pressure is applied to check if any pressure loss occurs (which would indicate manufacturing defects)
• Magnetic particles: by means of a magnetic field, possible surface discontinuities or weakness can be identified
• Macrography: 2 / 3 D pictures of items visible to naked eye.
• Micrography: pictures at the microscope to see the microgranular structure of the metal and other details not visible at the naked eye
• Pneumatic pressure: the fitting gets filled with pressurized air; measurements are taken to see if there is pressure loss due to any defects.
• Radiography: X-rays / gamma rays to detect imperfections leading to possible quality defects

Out of the above tests, the pressure testing is one of the most commonly specified, especially for mission critical fittings in the pipeline.

Source: China Pipe Fittings Manufacturer – Yaang Pipe Industry (www.steeljrv.com)

(Yaang Pipe Industry is a leading manufacturer and supplier of nickel alloy and stainless steel products, including Super Duplex Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Flanges, Stainless Steel Pipe Fittings, Stainless Steel Pipe. Yaang products are widely used in Shipbuilding, Nuclear power, Marine engineering, Petroleum, Chemical, Mining, Sewage treatment, Natural gas and Pressure vessels and other industries.)

If you want to have more information about the article or you want to share your opinion with us, contact us at [email protected]

Please notice that you might be interested in the other technical articles we’ve published:

  • Dimensions of Pipe Fittings

  • Specifications of Steel Pipe Fittings

  • Development trend of high pressure pipe fittings

  • How to test pipe fitting

  • How to Calculate a Pipe Bend

  • Stainless steel pipe bend

References:

1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe_fitting
2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting#Common_piping_and_plumbing_fittings
3. https://www.yaang.com